CD73/TGF beta Antibodies

Target Information

CD73, also known as Ecto-5-prime-nucleotidase or 5-prime-ribonucleotide phosphohydrolase, is an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of purine 5-prime mononucleotides to nucleosides at neutral pH, with AMP as its preferred substrate. It is composed of a dimer of two identical 70 kDa subunits, externally bound to the plasma membrane via a glycosyl phosphatidyl inositol linkage. CD73 serves as a marker of lymphocyte differentiation and is expressed on a subset of lymphocytes, increasing during lymphocyte maturation. It is found on memory CD4 T cells, which resemble uncommitted primed precursor helper cells (Thpp) capable of differentiating into Th1 or Th2 cells, and is also present on regulatory T cells. CD73 deficiency is associated with various immunodeficiency diseases. Other forms of 5-prime nucleotidase exist in the cytoplasm and lysosomes, distinguishable from CD73 by their substrate affinities, requirement for divalent magnesium ions, activation by ATP, and inhibition by inorganic phosphate. The CD73 gene is localized to chromosome 6q14-q21, and defects in this gene can lead to conditions such as calcification of joints and arteries, and intestinal tuberculosis. Additionally, two transcript variants encoding different isoforms of CD73 have been identified.

The TGF-beta (transforming growth factor beta) gene encodes a multifunctional peptide that controls proliferation, differentiation, and other functions in many cell types. TGF-beta acts as a cellular switch to regulate immune responses, cell growth, apoptosis, and cellular homeostasis. The human TGF-beta family comprises three isoforms: TGF-beta 1, TGF-beta 2, and TGF-beta 3, encoded by the genes TGFB1, TGFB2, and TGFB3 located on chromosomes 19q13, 1q41, and 14q24 respectively. These genes produce inactive precursor proteins, which are further processed into active forms. The mature TGF-beta protein is a dimer formed by two identical peptide chains linked by disulfide bonds. It signals through serine/threonine kinase receptors and downstream SMAD transcription factors, leading to the regulation of target gene expression. TGF-beta is crucial for tissue homeostasis and immune system modulation.